Planting 101: The 5 Ws and 1 H of Landscape Planning

As a journalist, I've strengthened my skills in gathering and communicating information, and I've found that the 5 Ws and 1H (who, what, where, when, why, and how)– also known as the reporter's questions– provide a valuable framework for landscape planning. When you're ready to plant and make changes to your landscape, consider the following research approach. I've successfully applied this approach in my gardening services and teaching classes, empowering students and clients to make informed decisions and create beautiful, functional outdoor spaces tailored to their unique needs. You don't need to be a landscaper to unlock your garden's full potential.

(Fig.1) Orchid and native tropical plants. Orlando, Florida. Epcot Center. Garden Festival . © Adriana Marsh. March 2023

The 5 Ws and 1H 1.

What: Plants And Garden Styles When selecting the perfect plants for your landscape, consider several key factors. What types of plants do you envision- perennials, shrubs, trees, annuals, deciduous, evergreen, conifers, succulents, vines, or edible plants? Think about texture: do you prefer soft, prickly, or smooth foliage? Do you like unique tones or are you looking to create a specific palette? Are you matching your home's color tones? Consider color combinations, such as monochromatic harmony or contrasting vibrancy, and keep in mind if you lean towards cool or warm tones.

Next, consider functional needs, such as child-safety (soft landscaping, thorn-free) and health considerations, like allergies or sensitivities. If you're sensitive to scents, opt for fragrance-free plants or hypoallergenic options like succulents or ferns. To create your dream garden, envision your ideal outdoor space. Explore libraries, bookshops, websites, and magazines for inspiration. Identify styles and plants that resonate with you. As you research, jot down favorites, take photos, and sketch your vision. Getting to know your garden's unique characteristics will reveal hidden gems. Having a clear picture is the perfect starting point. Researching and discovering new options becomes a delightful adventure, setting you on the path to bringing your outdoor oasis to life. Visit our "Gardening Styles" and “Plant Forms” articles, for inspiration and guidance on garden design and plant selection.

(Fig. 2) Bloedel Conservatory located in Queen Elizabeth Park. Vancouver, Canada. © Adriana Marsh. September 2022 2.

WHY: Defining Your Goals To choose the ideal plants, clarify your objectives and consider what you want to achieve in your garden.

Why? Because I want:

● Privacy screening or noise reduction

● Ornamental or seasonal color enhancement

● Pollinator-friendly or wildlife habitat

● Erosion control or soil stabilization

● Food production: Edible landscape

● Shadeprovision or windbreaks

● Climate regulation (e.g., cooling through evapotranspiration)

● Sitting water management

● Increased property value

● Outdoor entertainment and dining spaces Gardens provide mental health benefits:

● Peacefulness and tranquility

● Nature connection

● Improved mood and cognitive function Recreational and Social Benefits: ● Outdoor fitness and exercise

● Sports, games and social gatherings

● Community initiatives and neighborhood beautification

(Fig. 3) Queen Elizabeth Park. Vancouver, Canada. © Adriana Marsh. September 2022 3.

WHERE: Understanding Site Conditions Before planting, evaluate these factors: ● Sunlight (morning, afternoon, full sun, shade)

● Water (access, drainage, irrigation, rainwater collection)

● Wind (prevailing patterns)

● Soil (type, pH, drainage)

● Microclimates (temperature, humidity zones)

● Accessibility (maintenance paths)

● Views (visibility, aesthetics)

● Existing Features (slopes, structures, plants)

● Neighboring Influences (hardscapes, nearby buildings, fences)

● Natural Features (existing plants, water bodies, wildlife habitats)

● Noise Take measurements and photos to assess your space and inform optimal plant placement decisions.

(Fig. 4) Japanese Gardens at Arista Winery. Healdsburg, CA ©Adriana Marsh. September 2021. 4.

HOW: Caring for Your Plants To create and maintain a stunning outdoor space, consider your lifestyle, time, and resources when choosing plants and designing your garden. Factor in ongoing tasks like watering, pruning, and seasonal upkeep. Watering Systems

● Drip irrigation

● Sprinkler systems

● Soaker hoses

● Rain barrels

● Manual watering Regular Maintenance

● Pruning and deadheading

● Fertilization and pest management

● Seasonal cleanup and mulching

● Test pH levels

● Test nutrient concentration and levels

● Remove weeds and debris

● Maintenance of soil covering organic and inorganic matter like sand, pebbles, mulch and pine needles. Smart Gardening Technologies

● Soil sensors for moisture monitoring

● Weather-based irrigation controllers for efficient watering

● Automated water systems for set schedules

(Fig 5) Gardener Mulching. 5.

WHO: Maintenance Responsibilities Our "HOW" aligns with our "WHO." To tailor your garden's care, assess its needs: Garden size, plant requirements and Water accessibility and frequency Then, ask and answer key questions, like: Who will handle watering and maintenance?

•You, a family member or friend lending a hand?

•A professional crew or personal gardener?

•Automated systems?

Develop a gardening plan by assigning duties, scheduling routines and noting essential tasks. Print and keep this checklist handy for easy reference.

(Fig. 6) Gardeners Task checklist.

6. WHEN: Planting Timeline Planting and Desired Outcome When planning your garden, think carefully about the "when"- when to plant specific varieties; when weather and zone conditions are favorable; and when you want certain plants to shine as the centerpiece of your garden, showcasing their vibrant blooms or stunning foliage color changes.

● Spring (Mar-May): Perennials, vegetables, fruits, trees; consider frost dates, soil warmth.

● Summer(Jun-Aug): Warm-season annuals, tropical plants, succulents; consider heat tolerance, soil moisture.

● Fall (Sep-Nov): Cool-season annuals, perennials, bulbs, trees; consider frost dates, soil cooling.

● Winter (Dec-Feb): Bare-root trees, winter-hardy plants, bulbs; consider cold tolerance, soil moisture. Planting Timeline additional consideration

● Planting times may vary depending on your specific location and micro-climate.

● Soil temperature and moisture levels

● Optimal planting times for specific plants Blooming and Maintenance Schedule

● When will plants bloom?

● When will plants require pruning, fertilization, or pest management?

● How will seasonal changes impact your landscape's appearance?

FINAL THOUGHTS This questionnaire helps design your dream garden. Answering these questions creates a stunning, functional oasis suiting your lifestyle. With care, trust and time, enjoy beauty, harmony and a lifelong connection to your garden. Now, start planning your dream landscape!

(Fig. 7) Arborcrest Private Gardens. Boone, NC. ©Adriana Marsh. June 2023.

By Adriana Marsh Social Communicator & Environmental Journalist North Carolina Certified Plant Professional 🌬 Mother's Nature Advocate

RESOURCES 1. National Association of Landscape Professionals 2. American Society of Landscape Architects 3. United States Department of Agriculture 4. Landscape Architecture Magazine 5. Gardening Design Magazine 6. HGTV 7. Better Homes and Gardens 8. Hortube 9. The North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox